INDEX

A

A-beta fibers 24

Absence seizures 75

Acetylcholine 16, 48, 61, 63, 83–84, 100, 105

Acetylcholinesterase 100

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) 91–92

Action potential 5, 15–16, 67

Active immunization 100

Addiction 4, 37, 43, 51, 76–77, 79, 81–86, 101, 107–108, 110, 118–119

A-delta fibers 25

Adenosine 62

Adenovirus 117

Adrenal cortex 68–69, 79

Adrenal glands 69–70

Adrenaline (epinephrine) 25, 69, 83

Adrenal medulla 69

Aerobic exercise 58

Aging 54–58, 100, 121

Agnosia 39

Agonists 27

Akinesia 31

Alcohol 46, 52, 59, 62, 81–84

Alcohol abuse 31, 84

Alertness 59, 63, 67

Allodynia 25

Alpha motor neuron 27–30

Alpha-synuclein (SNCA) 101–102

ALS-FTD (ALS-frontotemporal dementia) 103

Alzheimer’s disease 5, 8, 56–58, 74, 96–101, 106, 111, 115–116, 121

Amnesia 32, 34, 39

AMPA receptors 16, 35

Amphetamine 86–87

Amygdala 11, 34, 36–37, 43, 61, 64, 78, 116

Amyloid-beta 98–100, 115

Amyloid hypothesis 99–100

Amyloid precursor protein (APP) 74, 99

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) 27, 96, 99, 102–105, 113, 115–116

Analgesic 25

Anandamide 85

Antagonists 27

Anterior cingulate cortex 65

Anterior insula 116

Antibodies 90, 100, 115, 116

Anticoagulant drugs 95

Antidepressants 77, 79, 80, 87, 94, 114

Antiepileptic agents 94

Anti-inflammatory 57, 94

Antioxidants 57, 103

Antipsychotic drugs 80, 114

Antiretroviral treatment 92

Anxiety 37, 59, 63, 72–73, 76–77, 79, 84–85, 91, 111

Anxiety disorders 71, 76–78

Aphasia 40

Aplysia californica (sea slug) 35

APOE 99

Apoptosis 48

Arousal 59, 61–64

Ascending pathway 25

Association fibers 55

Astrocytes 15–16, 47–48, 116

Atherosclerosis 70

Atonia 60

Attention 51–52, 55, 59, 63–65

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) 65, 71, 73

Auditory nerve 22

Autism spectrum disorders 49, 71, 120

Autobiographical self 65

Autoimmune response 115

Autonomic (involuntary) nervous system 63, 67, 69

Axon 14–16, 19–20, 23–24, 46–48, 50–52, 68, 91, 99, 106, 116

Axon terminals 14

B

Basal ganglia 11, 13, 30–31, 34, 41, 61, 77, 101, 102, 104

Basilar membrane 21–22

Benzodiazepines 62, 77, 87

Beta-blocker drugs 78

Binge drinking 52, 84

Binocular vision 21

Biomarkers 72, 98, 101, 104, 116

Bipolar disorder 77–80

Blindness 19, 21, 39, 65, 67

Blind spot 20

Blood-brain barrier 115, 117

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) 115

Brain imaging 34, 74

Brain-machine interfaces 112–113

Brain states 59, 61, 119

Brainstem 11, 13, 22–23, 25, 30, 36, 61, 63

Brain waves 12, 60, 111

Broca’s area 40

C

C9ORF72 99, 103

Caffeine 62, 82, 86, 102

Calcium 15, 35, 100

Cannabidiol 85

Cannabinoid receptors 85

Cannabinoids 78

Cataplexy 63

Cell body 14, 16, 46, 106

Central nervous system 15, 26–28, 37, 92, 94, 99

Central pattern generators 30

Cerebellum 11–13, 30–31, 34, 50, 55, 84, 93

Cerebral cortex 7, 10–11, 13–14, 18, 22, 23, 25, 30–31, 33, 48, 55, 72, 73

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 15, 95, 98, 104, 106, 116

Cerebrum 10–12, 21

C fibers 24–25

Checkpoint inhibitors 90

Chemotherapy 85, 89–90

Cholinergic neurons 115

Cholinesterase inhibitors 100

Chorea 103–104

Chromatin 17

Chromosomes 107

Chronic pain 25, 79, 83, 93–95, 114, 121

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) 91, 98

Circadian rhythms 4, 61–62, 66–67, 108

Classical conditioning 36

Clonazepam 62

Club drugs 87

Cocaine 46, 86, 108

Cochlea 21–22

Cognitive ability 54–55

Cognitive behavioral therapy 25, 77–80, 83, 94

Cognitive control 54

Competitive elimination 51

Complex focal seizures 75

Computational neuroscience 111

Computerized tomography (CT) 90, 92, 102

Concept cells 39

Cones 19, 47

Continuous positive airway pressure or “CPAP” machine 62

Coordination 30–31, 34, 92–93, 100, 103

Cornea 18–19

Corpus callosum 10, 12, 51, 75

Cortical thinning 55–56, 58

Cortisol 17, 67, 69–70, 78–79, 120

Cranial nerves 23

Craniotomy 89

CREB (cAMP-response element binding protein) 35

CRISPR 107, 117

Critical periods 51–52

Crystallized intelligence 54

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) 35

D

Daytime sleepiness 62

Declarative memory 33–36, 55

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) 77, 79, 102, 113, 114

Default mode network 65

Degeneration 19, 30–31, 57, 84, 91, 97

Delusions 80, 97

Dementia 54, 57–58, 62, 91–92, 96–101, 103

Dendrites 14–15, 46–47, 50, 55, 75, 106

Dendritic spines 55–56

Dentate gyrus 56

Dependence 77, 81

Depolarization 15–16, 60

Depression 5, 8, 59, 67, 73, 76–79, 87, 91, 93, 100, 103, 107, 111, 113–114, 116, 121

Descending pathways 25

Designer drugs 87

Deutetrabenazine 104

Developmental neurobiology 49

Diabetic neuropathy 25

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) 52

Divided attention 55

DNA sequencing 107–108

Dominant mutations 99

Donepezil 100

Dopamine 16, 30, 37, 56, 61, 63–64, 73, 77, 79–80, 82–84, 86, 100–102, 106, 117

Dorsal stream 20

Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex 65

Down syndrome 73–74

Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) 67

Dyskinesia 102

Dyslexia 74

Dystonia 114

E

Eardrum (tympanic membrane) 21

Ectoderm 44, 46

Edaravone 103

Electroencephalography (EEG) 12, 60, 106, 112

Electron microscopy 15, 106

Electrophysiology 106, 111

Emotion 36–37, 52, 65

Emotional memory 36

Endocrine system 66

Endoderm 44

Endorphins 25, 83, 94

Entorhinal cortex 34, 99

Ephrin 47

Epidemiological studies 102

Epigenetics 70, 108

Epilepsy 8, 14, 46, 75, 80, 88, 91, 106, 108, 112–114

Epinephrine (adrenaline) 69–70

Episodic memory 33–34, 55

Estrogen 64, 69

Ethanol 84

Excitatory 14, 16–17, 61

Excitotoxicity 100

Executive function 41–43, 51–52, 73, 86

Explicit memory 33

Extensors 27, 29

F

Familial ALS 103

Fight-or-flight response 69, 78

Finches 52

Flavonoids 57

Flexion 27–29

Flexion crossed extension reflex 29

Flexion withdrawal 29

Flexors 26–27

Fluid intelligence 54–55

FMR1 72, 108

Focal seizures 75

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) 68–69

Forebrain 11–12, 46, 61, 66

Fovea 19

Fragile X syndrome 72, 108

Free radicals 56, 86, 103

Frequencies (pitches) 12–13, 22

Frontal lobe 7, 11, 23, 35, 40–41, 51–53, 55, 109

Frontotemporal dementia 98–99, 103

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) 39, 43, 52, 65, 110–111

G

Galanin 61

Galantamine 100

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) 16, 61, 77

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors 84

Gamma motor neurons 29

Ganglion cells 19–21

Generalized seizures 75

Genes 6, 17, 35, 41, 44, 46, 49, 51, 56, 67, 70, 72–76, 78–80, 82, 90, 95, 99, 101, 103, 107–108, 117, 121

Gene silencing 103–104

Gene therapy 90, 102, 117

Genetic linkage studies 107

GHB (gamma hydroxy-butyrate) 87

Ghrelin 69

Glia 14–16, 44–48, 50, 89, 92

Glioblastoma 89–90

Gliomas 89

Glossopharyngeal nerve 23

Glucocerebrosidase (GBA) 101

Glucocorticoid hormones 69

Glutamate 16, 35, 61, 64, 77–78, 84, 87, 89, 100, 103

Golgi tendon organs 29

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) 68–69

Grand mal seizures 75

Gray matter 25, 52–53, 73, 106

Gray matter density 52

Grid cells 34

Grip force 31

Growth cone 47

Gustatory cortex 23

H

Hair cells 21–22

Hallucinations 80, 97, 109

Hearing 21–22, 46, 51–52, 63, 74

Heart attack 8, 62, 70

Hemineglect syndrome 65

Heroin 82–83

Herpes simplex virus 117

High blood pressure 57, 59, 62, 70, 95

Hindbrain 11–12, 46

Hippocampus 11, 13, 32–36, 37, 55–56, 58, 64–65, 70, 74, 78–79, 85, 99

Histamine 24, 61, 63

Histology 105–106

HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) 92

H.M. 32–34, 39

Homeostasis 61–62, 66

Hormones 17, 64, 67–70, 78, 116, 120–121

HTT gene 103–104, 107

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 91

Huntingtin protein 103–104

Huntington’s disease (HD) 31, 103–104, 107, 117

Hyperphosphorylated tau protein 99

Hyperpolarization 15–16, 60

Hypertension 57, 70

Hypnagogic hallucination 63

Hypomanic 79

Hypothalamus 11, 13, 36, 61, 63–64, 66–69, 79

I

Immune system 5, 70, 90, 92–93, 100, 107, 115, 117

Immunotherapy 90

Implicit memory 34

Incus (anvil) 21

Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells 102

Inflammatory responses 57

Inhibitory interneurons 14, 29

Inhibitory neurons 14, 16, 31

Inner ear 21–22

Insomnia 61–62, 67, 70, 79, 85

Insula 23, 36, 116

Insular cortex 36, 120

Interneurons 14, 19, 45

Involuntary (autonomic) nervous systems 69

Involuntary (exogenous) attention 64–65

Involuntary movements 28, 31, 102–103, 110

Ion channels 15–16, 35

Itch 8, 24–25

J

Joints 26–28

K

Ketamine 87

Ketogenic diet 75

Knee jerk 28–29

L

Lateral geniculate nucleus 20

Lateral habenula 37

Lateral hypothalamus 61, 63

Lateral prefrontal cortex 37

Lens 18–19

Lentivirus 117

Leptin 69

Lewy body 98, 101

Limbic system 11, 25, 51–52, 79, 82, 120

Longitudinal studies 51

Long-term depression (LTD) 35

Long-term memory 34–35, 41

Long-term potentiation (LTP) 35

Lou Gehrig’s disease (ALS) 96, 102, 113

Luteinizing hormone (LH) 68–69

M

Machine-learning 116

Macula 19

Macular degeneration 19, 21

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 51–52, 65, 90, 92–93, 102, 106, 110–111, 114, 116

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) 111

Major depression 78–79, 116

Malignant 88

Malleus (hammer) 21

Manic 79–80

Marijuana 85

Mass spectrometry 110

Medial prefrontal cortex 43

Median eminence 68

Medulla 11, 13, 69

Megalencephaly 45

Melanin-concentrating hormone 63

Melatonin 67

Memantine 100

Membrane potential 15–16

Memory 6, 11, 13, 16, 32–36, 38–39, 41–43, 45, 51–52, 54–56, 58, 65, 70, 72, 74, 77–78, 80, 83–85, 89, 91–94, 97–101, 104, 113–114, 119–120

Meninges 89

Meningioma 89

Menstrual cycle 69

Mentalizing 43

Mesoderm 44–45

Mesolimbic pathway 37

Metabolic stressors 70

Metastatic brain tumors 88

Methamphetamine 86–87

Methylphenidate 73, 86

Methylprednisolone 91

Microarrays 107

Microcephaly 45

Microdialysis 109–110

Microglia 15, 56–57, 87, 99, 115

Microtubules 16, 99

Midbrain 11–12, 30, 36–37, 46, 101

Migration 44–46, 50, 74

Mild cognitive impairment 56

Mitochondria 56, 74, 99, 101, 104

Mitochondrial DNA 56

Mood 26, 37, 59, 65, 71, 78–79, 82, 84, 93–94, 103, 114

Mood disorders 77–78, 114

Morphine 25, 37, 82, 94–95

Motivations 63

Motor cortex 30, 43, 60, 111

Motor neurons 27–29, 30, 45, 48, 103

Motor unit 27

Movements 10–13, 20, 26–31, 32, 41, 43, 50, 60–61, 72, 102–103, 106, 110, 113

MPTP 101–102

Multiple sclerosis (MS) 92

Muscle fibers 27, 29

Muscles 6, 13–14, 26–30, 45–46, 60, 62, 69–70, 84, 91, 103, 113

Muscle spindles 28–29

Mutations 17, 41, 46, 72, 99, 101, 103, 107–108, 117

Myelin 15, 25, 48, 50–53, 55, 92, 106

Myelination 50–52

Myelin sheath 25, 48, 92

N

Naloxone 83

Narcolepsy 61, 63, 86

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) 111

Negative feedback loops 68–69

Neocortex 61, 99

Nerve growth factor 48, 115

Nerve ring 47

Netrin 47

Neural induction 44–45

Neurite outgrowth inhibitor 115–116

Neuritic plaques 99–100

Neurodegenerative diseases 4, 48, 57, 96–104, 110, 115

Neuroeconomics 120

Neuroendocrine hormones 69

Neuroendocrine system 68

Neurofibrillary tangles 98

Neurogenesis 22–23, 45, 56, 58

Neuroimaging 72, 78, 98, 113, 116

Neurolaw 119

Neuroleptic 77

Neuromodulators 17

Neuropathic pain 25

Neuropeptides 61

Neuroplasticity 58

Neuroprostheses 113

Neurotoxicity 99

Neurotransmitters 15–17, 35, 61, 63–64, 68, 76–78, 82–83, 86–87, 98, 109, 121

Neurotrophic factors 58, 103, 115

Neurotrophins 35

Nicotine 80, 83–84, 86, 102

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors 83

NMDA receptor antagonist 100

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor 16, 35, 84, 100

Nociceptors 24

Nodes of Ranvier 48

Nondeclarative memory 34, 55

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) 94

Norepinephrine 48, 61, 63, 78–79

Nucleus accumbens 37, 43, 64

O

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) 76–77

Occipital lobes 11–12, 33

Occipitotemporal cortex 40, 74

Olfactory bulbs 12, 23, 56

Olfactory cortex 23

Oligodendrocytes 15, 50, 116

Oligonucleotide 104

Omega-3 fatty acids 57

Opioid receptors 25, 82–83, 95

Opioids 25, 81–83, 94

Optic chiasm 20–21

Optic nerve 12, 19–20, 92–93

Optogenetics 63, 107

Orexin 61, 63

Orexin neurons 61, 63, 67

Oval window 21–22

Oxidative damage 56

Oxidative stress 56, 99

Oxytocin 68, 73, 78, 87, 120

P

Pain 8, 17, 24–25, 36–37, 79, 81, 83–85, 88–89, 91–95, 110, 114, 121

Panic disorder 77

Parahippocampal region 32–34

Paralysis 30, 63, 91, 95, 103, 112

Paranoia 97

Parasympathetic branch 69

Paraventricular nucleus 67–68

Parietal lobes 11–12, 20, 33, 39, 40, 42–43

Parkin 101

Parkinson’s disease 4, 8, 30, 57, 62, 77, 80, 96, 98, 100–102, 110, 113, 115–117

Partial seizures 75

Passive immunization 100

Periaqueductal gray 25, 36–37

Peripheral neuropathy 92

Petit mal seizures 75

Pharmacology 110

Photoreceptors 12, 19–21, 67

Pineal gland 67

Pituitary gland 11, 68–69, 79, 82

Place cells 34

Plaques 98–100, 102, 106–107, 111, 115

Plasticity 6, 52

Polygraph tests 119

Pons 11

Positron emission tomography (PET) 65, 111

Posterior cingulate cortex 65

Postsynaptic neuron 16, 35, 47

Post-traumatic epilepsy 91

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 35, 76–79, 85, 111

Precuneus 65

Predictive neuroimaging 116

Prefrontal cortex (PFC) 34, 36–37, 39, 41, 43, 53, 55, 65, 78–80, 86, 114, 119

Premotor cortex 112

Presynaptic neuron 35, 47

Primary auditory cortex 22

Primary brain tumor 88–89

Primary motor cortex 112

Primary-progressive MS 93

Primary visual cortex 12, 20–21

Prions 96

Procedural memory 34, 55

Processing speed 55

Progenitor cells 45

Progesterone 64, 69

Projection fibers 55

Proliferation 44–47, 50, 72, 89

Prosopagnosia (face blindness) 39, 65

Prostaglandins 17, 25, 94

Pruning 48, 51

PSEN1 99

PSEN2 99

Psychosis 79, 121

Psychostimulants 86

Pupil 18

Q

Quadriplegic 113

R

Radioactive chemical marker 98

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep 60–63

Receptive field 19–20

Receptors 6, 13, 16–17, 19, 28–29, 31, 35, 37, 47, 56, 62, 67–69, 94–95, 99–100

Reciprocal inhibition 29

Recreational drugs 85–87

Reflexes 6, 11, 28–30

Regeneration 49, 90, 115–116

Relapsing-remitting MS 93

REM sleep behavior disorder 62

REM sleep generator 61

Repeat kinase 2 (LRRK-2) 101

Reproduction 63, 68

Resilience factors 76

Resting tremor 100

Reticular activating system 63

Retina 12, 18–20, 61, 67

Rett syndrome 115

Reuptake 16

Reward system 4, 37, 51, 77, 82, 85–86

Right parietal cortex 65

Riluzole 103

Rivastigmine 100

RNA-guided enzymes 117

Rods 19

Rohypnol 87

S

Saltatory conduction 48

Schizophrenia 8, 49, 65, 76–80, 83, 85, 107, 109, 114, 116–117

Sclerosis 92

Secondary generalized seizures 75

Secondary-progressive MS 93

Second messengers 35

Selective attention 55, 65

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) 8, 77–79

Semantic memory 33, 39, 55

Semaphorin 47

Sensory receptors 13, 28, 31

Serotonin 56, 61, 63–64, 77, 86–87

Shaking 100

Short-term memory 34, 38, 41, 84–85, 99

Skeletal muscles 26–27

Sleep 11, 13, 37, 59–63, 67, 70, 78, 84–86, 91, 97–98, 100, 106–107, 116

Sleep apnea 62

Slow wave sleep (SWS) 60, 60–62

Smell (olfaction) 22–24

SOD1 103

Soma 15, 46

Somatic (voluntary) nervous system 69

Somatosensory cortex 24

Sonic hedgehog 45

Spatial memory 34

Spatial neglect 65

Speech 11, 21–22, 31, 39–41, 84, 91, 93, 95, 103

Spinal circuits 30

Spinal cord 11, 13, 24–29, 26–30, 36, 45–47, 55, 61, 67, 90–92, 95, 103, 116

Split-brain surgery 75

Sporadic ALS 103

Squirrel monkeys 51

Stapes (stirrup) 21

Stem cells 24, 74, 90–91, 95, 101–103, 116–117

Stereocilia 22

Stereotactic radiosurgery 89

Steroid 17, 89, 91, 93

Strabismus 21

Strength 13, 25, 30, 35, 48, 82, 91, 103, 106, 108, 114

Stress 37, 56, 59, 67–70, 76–79, 82, 85

Stress response 37, 69, 70

Stretch (myotatic) reflex 28

Striatum 37, 41, 102

Stroke 22, 39, 62, 65, 70, 83, 94–95, 112, 114, 116, 117

Substantia nigra 30, 101

Superoxide dismutase 103

Superoxide radicals 103

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) 61, 67

Supraoptic nuclei 68

Sympathetic branch 69

Synapse 5, 14–16, 34–35, 37, 47–48, 50–51, 53, 55, 57–58, 79, 82, 87, 98–99, 106, 108–109

Synaptic density 51

Synaptic plasticity 35, 56, 106

Synaptic pruning 6, 51, 55

Synaptic vesicles 15

Synaptogenesis 50

T

Tangles 98–99, 101

Targeted treatments 89–90

Taste buds 23

Taste (gustation) 22

Tau 98–99, 104

Tectorial membrane 22

Temporal lobes 7, 11–12, 20, 22–23, 32–33, 39–41, 52, 55

Testosterone 64, 69, 120

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) 85

Thalamus 11–13, 20, 22–25, 30, 36, 61, 63, 102

Thin spines 55

Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) 95

Tobacco 81–84, 86, 88

Tolerance 37, 81, 83, 86

TOMM40 99

Tonic-clonic seizures 75

Touch 13, 21, 24–25

Touch receptors 24

Tourette’s syndrome 114

Tracers 98, 106

Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) 114

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) 114

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) 111, 114

Transcription factors 70

Transduction 17–19

Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) 90

TREM2 99

Tremor 31, 80–81, 84, 93, 102, 113

Trinucleotide 104

Trophic factors 48, 115

Two-photon microscopy 52, 106

Two-point discrimination 24

Tympanic membrane (eardrum) 21

U

UBQLN2 103

Undifferentiated cells 116

Unilateral neglect 65

Upper brainstem 61

V

Vagus nerves 23

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) 103

Vectors 117

Ventral stream 20

Ventral tegmental area (VTA) 37

Ventricular zone 46

Ventrolateral preoptic (VLPO) nucleus 61

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex 65

Vision 12, 18–21, 41, 46, 63, 89, 93

Visual fields 21

Voluntary (endogenous) attention 64

Voluntary (somatic) nervous systems 69

W

Wernicke’s aphasia 40

Wernicke’s area 22

White matter 50–53, 55, 75, 92, 106

Withdrawal 81, 83–86

Womb 50–51, 121

Word-form area 74

Working memory 34, 42–43, 52, 55–56, 114